Protecting our Environment Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Ensuring our Environment - Essay Example A worldwide temperature alteration and atmosphere changes are the significant results of unwise human exercises. It is accepted that sustainment of life in this world may turn out to be amazingly troublesome in not so distant future itself if compelling measures were not taken to counter ecological issues. Despite the fact that the size of the earth continues as before, worldwide populace is developing at disturbing rates with the goal that it might turn out to be very hard for our earth to oblige or provide food the necessities of the considerable number of individuals. As every individual contributes intensely to natural issues, development of populace implies development of ecological issues too. As such, populace development is legitimately relative to natural issues. As the total populace develops, so does risky waste, harmful materials dirtying our condition and influencing our eco-framework. There ought to be a coordination exertion by governments around the globe to control contamination influencing our condition all together for human endurance for people in the future. Water contamination and preventive measures US has numerous government and state laws that have ordered to secure our water framework and help control the measure of contaminations that influences our water. Nonetheless, the usage of these laws are very little viable with the goal that American water sources are getting dirtied increasingly more over the long haul. For instance, Colorado River is by all accounts one of the significant survivors of ecological contamination in western American locale. In excess of 30 million individuals use Colorado River as their significant drinking water source. Be that as it may, Colorado River is biting the dust bit by bit in view of ecological issues. â€Å"If environmental change brings about a 10 percent decrease in the Colorado River's normal stream as some ongoing examinations foresee, the odds of completely draining supply stockpiling will surpass 25 percent by 2057, as indicated by the study† (Future Of Western U.S. Water Supply Threatened By Climate Change, 2010) Irrigation v entures are helping agrarian cultivating in America. Be that as it may, water depleted out of the agrarian grounds may contain harmful fixings in view of the expanded utilizations of manures, synthetic concoctions and pesticides to improve the farming yields. Selenium is by all accounts the major destructive compound substance in flooded water depleted out of the agrarian grounds. â€Å"When selenium take-up is too high wellbeing impacts will probably occur. The wellbeing impacts of different types of selenium can fluctuate from weak hair and distorted nails, to rashes, heat, expanding of the skin and serious pains† (Selenium †Se, 2009). The Environmental Protection Agency, have bolstered and helped authorization of water laws in our nation and have presented numerous laws concerning safe drinking water. The Clean Water Act (CWA) builds up the essential structure for controlling releases of toxins into the waters of the United States and directing quality measures for su rface waters. The premise of the CWA was authorized in 1948 and was known as the Federal Water Pollution Control Act, yet the Act was altogether revamped and extended in 1972. Clean Water Act turned into the Act's basic name with corrections in 1977. Under the CWA, EPA has executed contamination control projects, for example, setting wastewater gauges for industry. CWA act was detailed to forestall a wide range of

Buddhism Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 4

Economic development Essay

Monetary turn of events and financial development are the two pointers of the financial situation of the nation. Financial development is the development in total national output and monetary improvement is identified with development in the way of life and destitution. As should be obvious financial development and monetary advancement are not something very similar, financial improvement is undeniably something beyond development in GDP as it includes markers that are not absolutely monetarily related. Anyway monetary development is a pointer of financial turn of events however there are likewise a few different elements that speak to monetary turn of events. These pointers are; future during childbirth, baby death rate, day by day calorie flexibly per capita, grown-up proficiency rate, number of specialists per 1000 individuals, normal long periods of tutoring, accessibility of clean water, opportunity of press, inoculation rates and levels of separation. As should be obvious these are commonly not financial markers but rather when they are joined they structure the monetary improvement figure. There are fifteen hindrances to financial turn of events, the first of these being an absence of physical capital. Need physical capital is a critical hindrance to the improvement of a nation for a few reasons. There is now a lack of capital that further prompts less capital being delivered; this makes noteworthy issues for creating nations. In these nations the pay levels are low prompting low reserve funds and in this manner minimal expenditure for interest in capital. This absence of capital assists the low profitability along these lines the business stays low. This likewise prompts an absence of interest for products and ventures the low interest implies that less should be delivered hence less capital should be created. This at that point powers the nation into a pattern of underdevelopment. This thus makes a hindrance for the nation to create. A case of this is in many less evolved nations where they are in steady occasions of war and common agitation. Their capital is devastated through war making it hard for the nation to create increasingly capital. Likewise, Sierra Leone, the universes least created nation, as appeared by the human improvement record, has a GDP for each capita of US$159 this makes critical issues for the economy and its turn of events. An absence of human capital is the following obstruction to improvement. This hindrance is made through an absence of instruction and preparing of the populace. It additionally identifies with the general heath and prosperity of the populace. In the event that the work power are becoming ill, at that point they can't work and hence diminishing the work capital. A present case of this circumstance is in South Africa. In South Africa the smaller scale monetary effect of AIDS is intense and is deteriorating. Among gifted laborers HIV commonness is relied upon to top between a fifth and a quarter percent constantly 2000, which is subsequently exhausting the quantity of talented specialists making the absence of capital improvement boundary. These issues are likewise prompting an ascent in protection bills and the expenses of medical advantages rise. This in this manner occupies government reserve funds to pay for medicinal services and accordingly the accessibility of assets for venture will fall. Helps is anticipated to thump 0.3 to 0.4 percent off the yearly development rate. As should be obvious this is a serious boundary to advancement in these less evolved nations. A procedure to this obstruction is human asset advancement. The following boundary to advancement is an absence of investment funds. This likewise causes low degrees of venture because of the low pay prompting low reserve funds. This low degree of reserve funds is additionally brought about by a few different reasons, for example, ineffectively created budgetary markets, holding of investment funds in customary non-cash shapes, the acquisition of superfluous extravagance things, modest family work decreasing the motivation to put something aside for venture and the general obligation of the populace. The low motivating force to reinvest benefits by organizations additionally lessens the reserve funds. Spending deficiencies by the legislature to compensate for the low tax assessment income are likewise diminishing the sum being spared. When there is an absence of investment funds brought about by any of these causes it powers the need to acquire structure abroad that thusly prompts issues with the equalization of installments. A case of absence of reserve funds exists in Nigeria. In Nigeria there are extreme issues with their cash. These start with critical misrepresentation issues additionally most of exchanging is finished with money in which as of not long ago the cash didn't surpass what might be compared to 50 pennies. The following issue is that they don’t have faith in banks, the main utilization of banks is to trade remote monetary standards for vacationers, which prompts an absence of assets for ventures. Additionally, Local brokers keep all working capital stuffed in coca containers, as they accept business openings will vanish in the time it takes to make a withdrawal. Banks don't permit credit because of the dread of not being reimbursed. These components add to an enormous hindrance to improvement just because of an absence of investment funds. This could be illuminated through improving the monetary framework. Another hindrance to improvement is an absence of tax assessment income. An absence of tax assessment makes hindrances as it implies the legislature has little funds to use on financial turn of events. The high joblessness, low-salary levels and troubles in charge assortment cause this absence of assessment income. The legislature is then compelled to gather charge basically from customs obligations, deals assessments and extracts. These expenses can end up being inflationary and are additionally backward. Another issue with these charges is that they dishearten speculation and the making of business. Nigeria additionally has an issue with the assortment of tax collection. Most Nigerians that can bear to abstain from settling charges, as they accept that their cash will be jumped by the degenerate government. This makes extreme issues for the nation, as there is no cash for the legislature to use in venture to advance financial turn of events. Improving the money related framework wi ll likewise help comprehend this obstruction. The following boundary to section is an absence of framework. Less created nations once in a while have an adequate flexibly of necessities, for example, streets, ports, sewerage, power schools or water-offices and so on. The primary explanation that this framework isn't being made is that the administration just can't raise the assets to back them because of their absence of tax collection income. Another explanation possibly that the administration has decided to back protection spending or in the event that they are in time of war, in which most LCD’s are. An absence of foundation limits the free progression of merchandise and ventures and lessens the efficiency of the work power that further confines the monetary advancement of the nation. In Africa foundation is immature contrasted with the different less created areas. They have 6 telephone lines for each 1000 individuals contrasted with the normal of 54 for other creating areas. Additionally their capacity gracefully is far not exactly the normal of 300kw per 1000 people groups with 80kw this essentially stops their turn of events. In Nigeria there are not kidding issues with framework causing business vulnerability. Phones once in a while work and the electric comes in intermittent wrathful floods. Nigerian firms, especially the state-claimed ones because of the absence of tax assessment, give little exertion into keeping up their framework and it in this manner winds up separating. Dependable firms are so rare that organizations trade contacts: we’ll let you share the power from our generator on the off chance that you can assist us with discovering save parts for it. Firms needing to set up in Nigeria face the issue referred to locally as BYOI (bring your own framework) this shows the amount of a difficult foundation is in Nigeria. An absence of framework could be unraveled from multiple points of view, for example, empowering endeavor, human asset advancement or improving the money related framework. An absence of business people is another boundary to monetary turn of events. Venture is fundamental with the end goal for advancement to happen, as it is one of the key elements to creation. In the less evolved nations there tens to be an absence of business visionaries for a few reasons. The first of these is the way that there is a constrained chance to make a benefit, because of the absence of interest. The following explanation is that the organizations not handily financed because of the low degree of reserve funds. The absence of foundation accessible likewise occupies these business visionaries. Another motivation to the absence of business visionaries is that social convictions regularly place little significance on fiscal addition and business visionaries are subsequently given little status. The quantity of business people is additionally diminished by the absence of instruction in these nations. The last explanation is that it is hazardous for a business visionary because of the political and financial insecurity. A case of an absence of business visionaries is likewise in Nigeria as it intently identifies with the absence of the framework. The absence of framework includes in any event 25 percent onto an organizations working expenses on the off chance that it choses to set up in Nigeria, this is a critical obstruction for firms to set up and ought to be understood if the province needs to accomplish financial turn of events. A procedure that could be received to help this circumstance is empowering venture. The following obstruction to monetary advancement is an absence of innovation. There are a few reasons why these less evolved nations are not all the more innovatively progressed. The principal reason being that most new innovation will include some interest in capital that is inadequate in these less evolved nations. Additionally another issue is that the new innovation will require talented work to work it yet gifted work is likewise of deficiency in a LCD. The following explanation is that organizations don’t truly need to embrace work sparing innovation when they as of now have modest work and there are high joblessness rates. The last explanation that there is an absence of innovation is that new innovation is utilized to encourage the accomplishment of economies of scale and

The Just or Unjust Free Essays

In perusing Dante’s Inferno, there were numerous equitable disciplines that associated with there disciplines. There are three that stand apart as just and equivalent to the wrongdoings that were submitted. The crystal gazers, scoundrels and criminals are a few instances of appropriate disciplines. We will compose a custom article test on The Just or Unjust or on the other hand any comparative subject just for you Request Now The seers anticipated the future and for an equitable discipline they have their heads on in reverse, since they investigated the future and now they can just observe what is behind them. The wolves in sheep's clothing acted like things that they weren’t, so now in heck, they are in lead shrouds and can’t act like something they are most certainly not. In conclusion, the hoodlums took from individuals, presently in hellfire their hands are limited by reptiles and they are in a pitch brimming with different reptiles. Dante give the psychics, wolves in sheep's clothing, and hoodlums an appropriate and only discipline for their wrongdoing. To start with, Bolgia 4 is about the Fortune Tellers/Diviners. Their transgression was to see into what's to come. The discipline for the psychics was their heads were turned in reverse. They now can’t see in front of them, which is a troublesome activity. For this situation, it isn't generally torment since it isn’t difficult and it associates with their wrongdoing. God would perhaps energize this as a discipline for the individuals who attempt to investigate what's to come. In the canto, Dante sees these individuals with their heads on in reverse and seeing them might lead you to the finish of them being crystal gazers or soothsayers. Dante could have been remorseless and made an excruciating discipline that caused them distress, yet he gave them one of which presents to them no agony. It just makes their unceasing life a battle of not having the option to see where they are going. Next, the scoundrels are rebuffed as needs be to their transgression. They went about as though they upheld a subject, at that point pivot and state they don’t bolster that equivalent theme. This could have applied to individuals, legislative issues, life exercises and so on. Dante gives them the discipline of being in shrouds made of lead and strolling around and around. This discipline is a worthy ramification for being a charlatan. The shrouds conceal them from everybody and they can’t misdirect individuals. This is by all accounts a potential God empowered discipline for these individuals. It would be somewhat difficult to determine what sin the individuals submitted in this canto, yet in the event that it were considered, one could come to comprehend why Dante picked this discipline for these individuals. The cheats additionally have an only discipline for their wrongdoing. They are stuck in a pit loaded with reptiles while they’re hands are bound behind their backs with snakes. During their whole life they utilized their hands to take and carry out wrongdoings. Since they are in heck, they have their hands bound behind their backs so they can’t be utilized. With their hands fixed, they can’t take from anybody until the end of time. God would support this on the grounds that back in the medieval occasions they had the expression of â€Å"an eye for an eye†. They took with their hands and now their hands are fundamentally taken from them. Dante give the soothsayers, posers, and hoodlums a reasonable and only discipline for their transgression. All in all, Dante picked adequate disciplines for the wrongdoings submitted by these individuals. God may discover these results appropriate in that they oblige the wrongdoings. Dante didn’t place these individuals here on the grounds that he figured they ought to or out of detest, he put them there with a fair discipline. The most effective method to refer to The Just or Unjust, Papers

Urban Regeneration And Social Exclusion In Sheffield Geography Essay

Urban Regeneration And Social Exclusion In Sheffield Geography Essay GEO 151: Assessment I In this article we will talk about urban recovery and social rejection in Sheffield. The examination for this exposition was led as a progression of 2 strolls and data originates from perception of these territories. The walk picked was walk 3 which included Netherthorpe, Kelham Island and the Inner City however the focal point of this article is on one area of the walk Kelham Island. In the same way as other regions in Sheffield, Kelham Island was initially a mechanical territory, especially in the assembling of steel. There are as yet various processing plants workshops despite everything standing and their nearness to the River Don recommends the stream would have once been utilized to control the business around there. To me, these structures depict the customary inceptions of Sheffield similar to an exceptionally modern city, tremendous non-descript structures with numerous huge windows which could oblige the enormous space required for overwhelming industry. From perceptions made while undertaking the walk, it turns out to be evident that these unique structures would now be able to be isolated into various kinds because of urban recovery. The first of these is private. Around Kelham Island a large number of these previous manufacturing plants have been changed over into current pads and lofts. It is extraordinary that the engineers are deciding to hold the first look of these structures while absolutely changing their capacity as I trust it is critical to attempt to hold the verifiable character of a city. The second primary utilization of these production line structures is business-for the most part workplaces, albeit one of the manufacturing plants is as yet utilized for its unique capacity as a processing plant, and another has been changed over into the â€Å"Kelham Island Museum† which contains numerous authentic ancient rarities from the zone and allows guests to encounter the legacy of Kelham Island. This shows 2 other new land utilizes in the region business and the travel industry. The rest of these production lines are right now forsaken yet later on might be redeveloped or destroyed to be supplanted by present day condos or office squares. Somewhere else in Kelham Island there are various enormous, exceptionally present day looking loft and office obstructs; this zone is known as â€Å"Kelham Riverside† and is portrayed by theâ Kelham Island site as â€Å"a beautiful blended use advancement in a pleasant waterside setting† (http://www.kelhamriverside.com). This region is all the more tastefully satisfying and in complete difference to the plants close by it is abnormal to see these 2 sorts of structures sitting one next to the other. This is the primary site of urban recovery, yet additionally inspires pictures of social avoidance. Plainly this whole territory has been completely redeveloped as of late; the entirety of the structures looking under 10 years of age and the focal point of work here has moved from essential to tertiary. The new condo squares which disregard the waterway are present day, even cutting edge looking consolidating chrome and glass into the plan one might say that these structure s, be that as it may, have little ‘character while the more seasoned industrial facility structures do. From straightforward perception, this zone resembles an especially decent territory to live, yet it becomes evident that social rejection becomes possibly the most important factor here. Initially, there are no nurseries and next to no green space at all and there were no parks or even numerous seats here. Offices incorporated few bars and upmarket bars and cafés, a gallery for vacationers, and little else other than office squares. The lofts look extravagant and appear to be focused at prosperous youthful experts without kids as there are no obvious offices that cook towards the requirements of youngsters or the older (not â€Å"family orientated†). This thought was upheld up during stroll by the nonappearance of any young people the main individuals to be seen were people in suits and a couple of manufacturers who were taking a shot at more advancements on the riverside. The nearness of the manufacturers did anyway show that further improvement of this territory was in prog ress, which may later on lead to more offices for other social gatherings so as to fuse them more into this zone. The climate here was one of quietness, in spite of the fact that I accepted this to be because of the way that the main individuals that lived around there were grinding away, considering it was in the day. There was a huge absence of any old or youngsters simply moderately aged individuals in suits. In the most current piece of Kelham Island it appeared to be shockingly peaceful and nature practically clean because of the enormous present day yet plain structures and absence of any spray painting, litter and publicizing. It likewise gave the impression of being a generally sheltered region with the accessibility of secure underground vehicle parks and high CCTV nearness. As I would like to think, be that as it may, such a high CCTV nearness could prompt abuse and dread because of steady reconnaissance by an obscure power. Numerous individuals are very against this type of security as is another case of social prohibition against the individuals who don't wish to be recorded continua lly. One significant thing which was noted during the walk was that on one of the dividers of the new structures in Kelham Island was an enormous plaque which had the name â€Å"European Regional Development Agency† on it. This organization has a place with the EU and is engaged with portion of the European Regional Development Fund; as per the EU site (http://ec.europa.eu/regional_policy/reserves/feder/index_en.htm): â€Å"The ERDF expects to reinforce financial and social union in the European Union by remedying awkward nature between its areas. To put it plainly, the ERDF funds: direct guide to interests in organizations (specifically SMEs) to make feasible employments; frameworks connected strikingly to research and development, broadcast communications, condition, vitality and transport; money related instruments (capital hazard reserves, neighborhood advancement reserves, and so forth.) to help territorial and nearby turn of events and to cultivate participation among towns and locales; Specialized help measures. Along these lines, in light of this data it appears that the EU thought of South Yorkshire as being less evolved as neighboring areas and have thusly coordinated an extent of the ERDF at Kelham Island so as to satisfy the focuses portrayed previously. There were restrictions to this investigation. Right off the bat, the 2 visits we made were potentially not at the most reasonable occasions, especially for this zone where the majority of the individuals living here would have been grinding away, and any kids that do live in the region would have been at school. Something else was that in this observational stroll there was little significance put on close to home feeling, or how people felt while in that specific zone. There was likewise no record of any scents along the walk which is one thing that might be examined further in any ensuing strolls. Word check: 1111 GEO 151: Assessment II Part I For this piece of the appraisal a progression of photographs were brought a course (walk 3) which planned to speak to the vibe or feeling of spot in the zone with respect to social prohibition and recovery. The 2 photographs picked to be broke down can be seen on the following page (figures 1 and 2). They were both taken simultaneously of day (Around 1pm on a Thursday evening) and show 2 differentiating territories which are in reality just 1-2 minutes leave one another, in the zone of Sheffield known as Kelham Island. Fig 1 shows one of the more present day looking zones of Kelham Island and exhibits exceptionally evident urban recovery as the loft square structures on the correct hand side of the picture are unmistakably extremely new. Truth be told, this entire territory looks spotless and clean, in spite of the fact that the absence of individuals causes the zone to appear as though it isn't occupied. Behind the high rises and to one side of the picture are old manufacturing plant structures. It isn't obvious from the picture whether these structures are as of now being used or not yet a portion of the industrial facilities around there have been changed over into workplaces and lofts so all things considered, being so near other new turns of events, urban recovery would include occurred inside these structures as well. I like the way that these structures and even a stack from an old mechanical heater are as yet standing paying little heed to the ultra-present day condos directly close to them , it acts to hold the character of the region having the option to showcase this region to an entirely different crowd without thoroughly annihilating the history imbued in the processing plants and workshops which once would have utilized most of individuals living here.â The stream which goes through the focal point of the picture would once have been utilized to control these industrial facilities, however has now been formed into an element and the new pathways and hand railings give the chance to take a gander at the waterway and carries a lot of character to the zone. Social rejection likewise comes through in this picture, as there is no green space or playing zones for kids, no seats or shops almost no offices to help a network. This rejects the individuals who flourish off the network around them which are kids and the older. Youngsters need other kids and spaces to play to satisfy their adolescence while the older require a scope of offices including those which advance amiability with others in the network as they frequently lead lives of dejection. This region isn't pleasing for both of these kinds of individuals. I decided to snap a photo of this specific region as I trust it fused a few components which were significant in depicting Kelham Island the advanced lofts, the manufacturing plants and the stream. I likewise thought this picture was an exact portrayal of the region during my visit, that being exceptionally peaceful with not many individuals to be seen.â If an individual who was not from Sheffield I accept this picture would give them a smart thought of what Kelham Island resembled, which as I would see it can be depicted as a cultura

Macroeconomics

Macroeconomics Macroeconomics Home›Economics Posts›Macroeconomics Economics PostsIndustries concentration ratios are a measure of how fragmented industries are structured. There are two types of concentration ratio that can be used to analyze an industry. These are; four-firm concentration ratio and the eight-firm concentration ratio. If an industry has 20 firms and the concentration ratio of 30%, from the industry structure stand point this industry is referred to as monopolistic competition as asserted by (Anderton Geoff, 2011).A monopolistically competitive industry has large number of small firms, with each firm being relatively small when compared to the overall size of the market. This helps to make sure that all the firms remain competitive with little market control over price or quantity. Each firm in a monopolistically competitive market usually sells a similar, though not absolutely identical product. Most of the goods that are sold by the firms are mostly close but not perfect sub stitute. The good may have subtle difference or they might only be perceived as being different by the buyers.Monopolistic competitive firms are fairly free to enter and exit the industry with few restrictions (Mankiw, 2007). The firms in this industry are not perfectly mobile but they are to a large extent unrestricted by government rules and convention, start-up cost, or other extensive barriers to entry. In monopolistic competition, buyers are not in the knowledge of everything about product differences, brand names, etc, but they have all information about the alternative prices. Each seller has relative information about production techniques and the prices charged by the competitors.Demand is relatively elastic in a monopolistic competition; this is because each firm encounters competition from close substitutes. Long-run adjustments are required in case of an increased demand for the product that pushes up the price of goods. The price in the market has to be compared with th e alternative, price taker. Monopoly is the best example of a price maker that exists on the selling side of the market. In the above case the price would be adjusted in two ways; entry and exit of firms into and out of the industry which will ensures that firms earn zero economic profit and that price is equal to average cost. The pursuit of profit maximization by every firm in the industry will ensures that firms produce the quantity of output that will equates marginal revenue with short-run and long-run marginal cost. The anticipated adjustment faced by the firm will make the concentration ratios be adjusted and increase accordingly.If an industry has20 firms and a Concentration Ratio (CR) of 80%, from the industry structure stand point this industry is referred as oligopoly competition according to (Mankiw, 2009). An oligopolistic industry is usually dominated by a small number of big firms. Each firm is relatively large when compared to the overall size of the market. Some of oligopolistic industries are known to produce identical products, but others produce different products. Many firms in a oligopolistic industry attain and retain market control by creating barriers to the entry that include patents, resource ownership, government franchises, start-up cost, brand name recognition, and decreasing average cost.There are various reasons why oligopoly industry has a high CR than monopolistic industries; firstly, each oligopolistic firm keeps a close eye on the actions of other firms in the industry. Decision by one firm affects the other thus competition is very high. Secondly, many oligopolistic industries tend to keep their prices relatively constant, and prefer to compete in ways that do not involve changing the price (Mankiw, 2009). Therefore, firm has little to gain from changing prices. Thirdly these firms apply various method of non price competition which includes advertising, product differentiation and barriers to entry. Thus they are able to a ttract buyers and increase market share while relying on the price this is not the case in monopolistic competition. Oligopolistic firms are able to perpetually balance competition against cooperation by merger legally combining two separate firms into a single firm. The incentive to merge is quite high and by doing so gives the resulting firm greater market control. This is not the case with monopolistic industries.It is not possible for smaller firms to run their business profitably in oligopolistic industries as there requirement of advanced innovations of technology and expanded production capabilities which requires a lot of capital which is absent in small firms (Scarborough Doug, 2009. Small firms cannot take advantage of economic of scale as the cost of production is very high. Another factor is that oligopoly does not efficiently allocate resources. Oligopoly charges higher prices and produces less output than the competence standard of perfect competition. Smaller firms c annot therefore stand to compete with oligopoly industries.In conclusion it was seen that Oligopoly contains a few large firms that control a market while Monopolistic competition has many small firms, each with some, but not a lot of market control. Thus, monopolistic competition and oligopoly is actually the base of market structure continuum.

Nietzche A Bundle of Contradictions - Literature Essay Samples

In Genealogy of Morals, Nietzsche details the shortcomings of the Judeo-Christian tradition. He focuses on the fact that the followers of this tradition have developed in such a way that impedes happiness and the normal will power of a strong individual. While Nietzsche mentions some positive aspects of what he would like to see in the world in Genealogy of Morals, he focuses on attacking what currently dominates the world: Judeo-Christian tradition. Nietzsche finds problems with two major aspects of the Judeo-Christian tradition: its reactivity rather than creativity, and its celebration of suffering rather than joyful activity. His problem is that both actions attack as opposed to create, and cause humans to dwell on negativity rather than take part in creative activity. Nietzsches ideas are innovative and deserving of great respect, but while condemning this tradition, he himself seems to show the same behavior of which he disapproves. Nietzsches work itself is reactive, neg ative, and follows the same patterns of the Judeo-Christian tradition that he is rebuking. This contradiction not only brings his ideas into question, but also indicates that suffering and reactivity are fundamental aspects of human nature, which he says are not.Nietzsche first establishes the origins of Judeo-Christian values. Both Jewish and Christian cultures were enslaved during the part of their history when values were being determined. The philosophies accepted slavery as part of the human condition because the people developing it were slaves themselves. Unfortunately, they also celebrated this captivity. Nietzsche says that by celebrating their condition, the slaves began to believe, He is good who does not outrage, who harms nobody, who does not attack, who does not requite, who leaves revenge to God, who keeps himself hidden as we do (Nietzsche 46). The idea of being hidden suggests that these people avoided doing any activities that would make them stand out, hence any kind of constructive activity to further their cultures. They instead celebrated their suffering and cultivated a will to self-tormenting that admired and helped continue their enslaved condition. These cultures, which developed a slave morality, continue to focus only on their own current existence and fail to progress at all.When celebrating their own existence, the slave cultures celebrate negative values that adversely affect the world, or at least make no progress. In Nietzsches opinion, morality should celebrate vigorous, free, joyful activity (33), but he says the slaves refuse this philosophy: slave morality from the outset says No to what is outside, what is different, what is not itself; and this No is its creative deed (36). Therefore, the actions of the slaves are basically rejections of the outside world. They are not creative, but instead reactive to negative impulses. They destroy what is put before them, and celebrate their torment. As concepts evolved, t he primary aspect of the concept of good in slave morality became their own suffering, and that is not worthy of being celebrated.Nietzsche argues that reverence for suffering, and the reactionary elements of the Judeo-Christian tradition should not be regarded as part of human nature simply because they are part of the dominant system of values. Nietzsche tries to prove that human nature may be the origin of an idea, but its eventual use is very different from its origin. He says, The cause of the origin of a thing and its eventual utility, its actual employment and place in a system of purposes lie worlds apart (77). Nietzsche continues to argue that the major aspects, suffering and reactionary attitude, of the dominant western tradition come from artificial conditions. As discussed earlier, the slave tradition went into hiding, and developed cleverness (39) according to Nietzsche. He uses the word clever to refer to self-interested arguing and scheming rather than an honest analysis of human influences. However, Nietzsche seems to be using this same method of argument in his pursuit to devalue Judeo-Christian values. Nietzsche undermines the entire system by insisting that it is based on an artificial creditor-debtor relationship. This relationship dictates that man must owe something to everyone who has given him anything, including ancestors. However, the debtor cannot owe anything back to a dead ancestor, and therefore develops guilt, which manifests itself as suffering. This is Nietzsches explanation for why Christianity inherently increases guilt and therefore suffering in an individual. He points out, though, that any sense of guilt felt by the individual on account of the Christian values system is based on an unnatural human condition: the creditor-debtor relationship. This would lead one to believe that guilt and suffering and also reactivity originate from this source, and are not inherent in human nature.The preceding paragraphs descr ibed what Nietzsche finds wrong in the Judeo-Christian tradition. Nietzsches Genealogy of Morals is essentially a reaction to the Judeo-Christian tradition, rather than a discussion of his own, positive philosophy. He mentions a positive morality, including the vigorous, free, joyful activity (33), but he uses this primarily to attack the hatred he sees at the center of the Judeo-Christian tradition. Overall, Nietzsche does try to allow positivism to dominate. He starts the book by exploring the term good, but this serves only as an introduction to the discussion of evil in Judeo-Christian culture. The second essay includes the concepts of guilt and bad conscience, of which Nietzsche attacks. The contradiction of his writing lies not in his actual argument but in the way that he goes about making the point.Nietzsche exhibits the same type of attacks that he accuses the Judeo-Christian tradition of in his discussion. He complains of their weary pessimistic glance, mistrust of the riddle of life, the icy No of disgust with life (67). As stated before, he despises the No attitude because it is reactive rather than creative. However, his entire Genealogy is of the No attitude that makes very little reference to anything new. The accusations of reactivity that Nietzsche levels against western culture could also be made against him. He says, To be incapable of taking ones enemies, ones accidents, even ones misdeeds seriously for very long, that is the sign of strong, full natures (39). Nietzsche, however, does not live up to his own high hopes of a strong nature. He takes his enemies very seriously, considering he wrote an entire book devoted to them. This seems to indicate that either Nietzsche himself lacks what he considers a strong, full nature or he is wrong about the nature of strong individuals.Nietzsche also displays suffering through his reactivity. He believes that every sufferer instinctively seeks a cause for his suffering; more exactly, a n agentupon which he can vent his affectsfor the venting of his affects represents the greatest attempt on the part of the suffering to win relief (127). Nietzsche must be a sufferer because he chooses the Judeo-Christian culture as an agent upon which to vent his affects. His focus on problems with western culture leads him to a pessimistic suffering by his own definition. He refers to the disgust for man the Judeo-Christian tradition bears, but his own disgust is also prominent in his writing. A weak person, he says, falls victim to his suffering rather than breaking out in creative activity, yet this is the weakness that Nietzsche displays in his work.Perhaps Nietzsche must be reactive to what he finds oppressive. It may not be possible to make his points through any other method. The ideology is still valid and he makes good points about the evolution of the Judeo-Christian culture. However, Nietzsche warms his readers of people who dwell on reactionary activity. In the se essays, Nietzsche is unable to label his own work triumphant. He dwells too much on negating and saying No to whatever is not his morality. His essays in Genealogy of Morals show a tendency to behave in a manner in which he claims to be the essence of a slave morality. This is telling of certain facets of human nature.Nietzsche says that suffering and a reactionary attitude are not natural elements of human nature. However, even Nietzsche, who of all people should be aware of his actions, seems to exhibit those two traits in the same writing in which he condemns them. Suffering and reactivity are, according to him, a result of a creditor-debtor relationship. Even Nietzsche suffers, though, and if not from this creditor-debtor relationship, his suffering must arise from a different origin, perhaps a discontent with the world. However, if he can attribute this to his own suffering, he should accept that Christianity may have the same discontent. He overlooks the idea that ev eryone suffers from a discontent with the world, and everyone wishes it were a more perfect place. He seems to ignore the possibility that a universal discontent, the same he experiences, could be the true reason that Christianity embraces suffering. Nietzsche is a very influential writer, whose ideas were far advanced for his times. However, his own work seems to support the opposite of what he argues: that suffering is universal rather than a problem of the weak.